Skin

• BOILS - is a skin infection that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. At first, the skin turns red in the area of the infection, and a tender lump develops. After four to seven days, the lump starts turning white as pus collects under the skin.
• The most common places for boils to appear are on the face, neck, armpits, shoulders, and buttocks. When one forms on the eyelid, it is called a sty.
• Symptoms include:
• 1. A firm reddened pea-sized bump
• 2. Tender, swollen skin surrounding the bump
• 3. The bump may increase in size
• 4. Pus-filled head on the bump
• BLISTERS - is a pocket of fluid between the upper layers of skin. You’re probably familiar with blisters if you’ve ever worn ill-fitting shoes for too long.
• Blisters can be filled with serum, plasma, blood or pus depending on how and where they are formed.
• INSECT BITE - Insects such as bees, ants, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, wasps, and arachnids may bite or sting.
• The initial contact of a bite may be painful. It’s often followed by an allergic reaction to venom deposited into your skin through the insect’s mouth or stinger.

• Diabetes
• Problems with the immune system
• Poor nutrition
• Exposure to harsh chemicals that irritate the skin

• Friction
• Temperature extremes
• Chemical exposure
• Crushing and pinching
• Medical conditions:Chickenpox , Dermatitis , Herpes , Eczema , impetigo ,Pemphigus.

• CONTACT DERMATITIS: It is a red, itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. The rash isn't contagious or life-threatening, but it can be very uncomfortable.
• Sign & Symptoms include:
• 1. A red rashp
• 2. Itching, which may be severe
• 3. Dry, cracked, scaly skin
• 4. Bumps and blisters, sometimes with oozing and crusting
• 5. Swelling, burning or tenderness
• 2. URTICARIA:If you’ve had red or skin-colored bumps that appeared and disappeared quickly, then it’s unlikely to be simple bug bites.
• The skin rash could be urticaria , and the itching from urticaria may range from mild to severe. urticaria , also known as Hives.
• signs & symptoms:
• 1. Raised itchy bumps, either red or skin-colored
• 2. “Blanching” (when pressed, the center of a red hive turns white)

• Poison oak
• Hair dyes or straighteners
• Nickel, a metal found in jewelry and belt buckles
• Leather
• Latex rubber
• Citrus fruit, especially the peel
• Some medications you put on your skin
• Fragrances in soaps, shampoos, lotions, perfumes, and cosmetics

• Some food (especially peanuts, eggs, nuts and shellfish)
• Insect stings or bites
• Physical stimuli, such as pressure, cold, heat, exercise or sun exposure
• Blood transfusions
• Medications, such as antibiotics, aspirin and ibuprofen

• Sometimes dry skin occurs on multiple areas of the body, secondary to an underlying health issue. But other times only the feet are affected, resulting in cracked skin or calluses on the heels or soles of the feet.
• Dry skin, also known as xerosis, can simply be a cosmetic problem or it may lead to symptoms such as itchiness, a skin rash, or even pain and secondary infection.

• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Chapped lips
• Skin Cleansers
• Physical Stress
• Cold Weather

• Corns and calluses are hard, painful areas of skin that often develop on the feet in response to pressure or friction.
• They happen when the skin tries to protect an underlying area from injury, pressure, or rubbing.
• They are more common among people who wear ill-fitting shoes, have sweaty feet, and those who stand for long periods each day.
• signs or symptoms
• 1. A raised, hardened bump
• 2. A thick and rough area of skin
• 3. Skin that is flaky and dry or flaky and waxy
• 4. Pain or tenderness under the skin

• Shoes that are too loose, causing friction
• Anything that causes pressure or friction on the skin
• Shoes that are too tight or too high-heeled, causing pressure
• Walking barefoot regularly, as the skin will thicken to protect itself
• Repeated actions such as jogging or walking in a particular way

• 1. PIGMENTATION : Birthmarks and other pigmentation disorders affect many people. Some of the most common are pigmented birthmarks, macular stains, hemangiomas, port wine stains, while disorders include albinism, melasma, vitiligo and pigmentation loss due to skin damage.
• Hyperpigmentation is a particular condition of the skin that causes the darkening of certain areas of skin. It is primarily caused by the overproduction of 'melanin' a skin pigment.
• 2. VITILIGO: Vitiligo is a condition in which white patches develop on the skin. Any location on the body can be affected, and most people with vitiligo have white patches on many areas.
• It is usually begins with a few small white patches that may gradually spread over the body over the course of several months.

Causes of PIGMENTATION

• Genetic
• Metabolic - Cirrhosis
• Endocrine - Pregnancy , renal failure
• Nutritional
• Tumors
• Post Inflammatory- Eczema , Lichen planus

Causes of VITILIGO

• Autoimmune disorder
• Genetic factors
• Neurogenic factors
• A trigger event, such as stress, severe sunburn or skin trauma, such as contact with a chemical

• 1. PSORIASIS : Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes the rapid buildup of skin cells. This buildup of cells causes scaling on the skin’s surface.
• Inflammation and redness around the scales is fairly common. Typical psoriatic scales are whitish-silver and develop in thick, red patches. Sometimes, these patches will crack and bleed.
• signs & symptoms:
• 1. Whitish-silver scales or plaques on the red patches
• 2. Dry skin that may crack and bleed
• 3. Itching and burning sensations around patches
• 4. Red, raised, inflamed patches of skin
• 5. Thick, pitted nails & painful, swollen joints
• 2. ECZEMA: Rather than a specific health condition, eczema is a reaction pattern that the skin produces in a number of diseases.
• Eczema is sometimes called atopic dermatitis, which is the most common form. “Atopic” refers to an allergy. People with eczema often have allergies or asthma along with itchy, red skin.
• signs & symptoms:
• 1. Dry, scaly skin & redness
• 2. Itching, which may be intense especially at night
• 3. Small, raised bumps, which may leak fluid and crust over when scratched
• 4. Raw, sensitive, swollen skin from scratching

Causes of PSORIASIS

• Genetic
• Defects in the immune system
• Certain medications like beta-blockers
• Environmental allergen
• Stress
• Infection , Skin trauma

Causes of ECZEMA

• Autoimmune disorder & Genetic factors
• Stress and Hormonal
• Irritenets - Soap , detergent
• Allergen - Dust , Pollen , Dandruff
• Perspiration

• These small, noncancerous growths appear when your skin is infected with one of the many viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family.
• The virus triggers extra cell growth, which makes the outer layer of skin thick and hard in that spot.
• Types of Warts- Plantar warts , Flat warts ,Genital warts , Filiform Warts , Periungual Wart

• HPV
• Cut or damaged skin
• Who bite their nails or pick at hangnails
• Sometimes Direct contact with people having warts
• Family history